PUBLICATIONS
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61. Ellwood, E. R., Nelson, G., Zimkus, B., Bates, J., Cook, J. A., Pandey, J., Sessa, E., Borths, M., Goodwin, J., Jennings, D., & Soltis, P. S. (2026). From knowledge to action: next steps for the natural science collections community. BioScience, 76(6), 525–535. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biag018
60. Gallinat, A. S., Miller-Rushing, A. J., Lloyd-Evans, T. L., Ellwood, E. R., Callaghan, C. T., & Primack, R. B. (2026). Integrating historical records and citizen science data to understand bird responses to climate change in Concord, Massachusetts: Thoreau to eBird. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 138(1), 116–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/15594491.2025.2583566
59. Kunkel, D. M., Long-Fox, B. L., Pittman, C., Portmann, J., Sheik, M., Bates, J. M., Bentley, A., Contreras, D. L., Ellwood, E. R., Lomas, M. W., Monfils, A. K., Moser, W. E., Nelson, G., Poo, S., Thiers, B., Watkins-Colwell, G. J., Webster, M. S., Zimkus, B. M., & Pandey, J. L. (2026). Integrating biological and environmental data to solve key scientific and societal challenges. BioScience, 76(1), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biaf150
58. Kobori, H., Miller-Rushing, A. J., Ellwood, E. R., & Kishimoto, K. (2025). Citizen science in social-ecological systems. In Reference module in earth systems and environmental sciences. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-21964-1.00040-9
57. Wikelski, M., Quetting, M., Bates, J., Berger-Wolf, T., Bohrer, G., Börger, L., Chapple, T., Crofoot, M. C., Davidson, S. C., Dechmann, D. K. N., Ellis-Soto, D., Ellwood, E. R., Fiedler, W., Flack, A., Fruth, B., Franconi, N., Havmøller, R. W., Hirt, J., Hussey, N. E., . . . Kays, R. (2024). Introducing a unique animal ID and digital life history museum for wildlife metadata. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 15, 1777–1788. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.14407
56. Ngila, P. M., Chiawo, D., Ellwood, E. R., & Owuor, M. A. (2024). Analysing policy gaps in protecting avian species from electrocution and power-line collision in Kenya. Environmental Conservation, 51(4), 290–294. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892924000249
55. von Konrat, M., Rodriguez, Y., Bailey, C., Gwilliam III, G. F., Christian, C., Aguero, B., Ahn, J., Albion, Z., Allen, J. R., Bailey, C., Blake, E., Blake, W., Blake, G., Briscoe, L., Budke, J. M., Campbell, T., Chansler, M., Clark, D., Delapena, R., Denslow, M., Dodinval, D., Dux, E., Ellis, S., Ellwood, E.,. . . Zwingelberg, M. (2024). From spectators to stewards: Transforming public involvement in natural history collections. Natural History Collections and Museomics, 1, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.3897/nhcm.1.138247
54. Chepkirui, P., Chiawo, D., James, J., Jemimah, S., Ellwood, E., Mugo, J., & Ngila, P. M. (2024). Niche distribution pattern of Rüppell's vulture (Gyps rueppellii) and conservation implication in Kenya. Ecology and Evolution, 14(12), Article e70371. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70371
53. Christian, C., Gwilliam, G. F., III, von Konrat, M., Ahn, J., Bailey, C., Dodinval, D., Ellwood, E. R., Golembiewski, K., Higgins, L. M., Jones, C., Martinez, V., Ordeñana, M. A., & Pauly, G. B. (2024). Embracing inclusivity: The case against the term "citizen science." Research Ideas and Outcomes, 10, Article e137412. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.10.e137412
52. Bentley, A., Thiers, B., Moser, W. E., Watkins-Colwell, G. J., Zimkus, B. M., Monfils, A. K., Franz, N. M., Bates, J. M., Boundy-Mills, K., Lomas, M. W., Ellwood, E. R., Poo, S., Contreras, D. L., Webster, M. S., Nelson, G., & Pandey, J. L. (2024). Community action: Planning for specimen management in funding proposals. BioScience, 74(7), 435–439. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biae032
51. Ngila, P. M., Chiawo, D., Owuor, M. A., Wasonga, V. O., Ellwood, E., & Mugo, D. (2024). Assessing the susceptibility of raptor species to electrocution: A framework for Kenya. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 22, Article 100400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2024.100400
50. Guralnick, R., LaFrance, R., Denslow, M., Blickhan, S., Bouslog, M., Miller, S., Yost, J., Best, J., Paul, D. L., Ellwood, E., Gilbert, E., & Allen, J. (2024). Humans in the loop: Community science and machine learning synergies for overcoming herbarium digitization bottlenecks. Applications in Plant Sciences, 12(1), Article e11560. https://doi.org/10.1002/aps3.11560
49. Primack, R. B., Gallinat, A. S., Ellwood, E. R., & Miller-Rushing, A. J. (2023). Using herbarium specimens, botanical gardens, historical data, and citizen science to study climate change. Bauhinia – Zeitschrift der Basler Botanischen Gesellschaft, 29, 133–134.
48. Islam, S., Beach, J., Ellwood, E. R., Fortes, J., Lannom, L., Nelson, G., & Plale, B. (2023). Assessing the FAIR Digital Object Framework for global biodiversity research. Research Ideas and Outcomes, 9, Article e108808. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.9.e108808
47. Buschke, F. T., Capitani, C., Sow, E. H., Khaemba, Y., Kaplin, B. A., Skowno, A., Chiawo, D., Hirsch, T., Ellwood, E. R., Clements, H., Child, M. F., Huber, P. R., von Staden, L., Hagenimana, T., Killion, A. K., Mindje, M., Mpakairi, K. S., Raymond, M., Matlombe, D., Mbeya, D., & von Hase, A. (2023). Make global biodiversity information useful to national decision-makers. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 7(12), 1953–1956. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02226-2
46. Primack, R. B., Gallinat, A. S., Ellwood, E. R., Crimmins, T. M., Schwartz, M. D., Staudinger, M. D., & Miller-Rushing, A. J. (2023). Ten best practices for effective phenological research. International Journal of Biometeorology, 67, 1509–1522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-023-02502-7
45. Ngila, P., David, C., Owuor, M., Wasonga, O., Ellwood, E., Mugo, J., Masayi, N., Ikime, T., Chelelgo, S., & Mugo, D. (2023). Developing bird friendly transmission power lines in Kenya. F1000Research, 12, Article 414. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.132003.1
44. Groom, Q., Dillen, M., Addink, W., Ariño, A. H., Bölling, C., Bonnet, P., Cecchi, L., Ellwood, E. R., Figueira, R., Gagnier, P. Y., Grace, O. M., Güntsch, A., Hardy, H., Huybrechts, P., Hyam, R., Joly, A., Kommineni, V. K., Larridon, I., Livermore, L., Lopes, R. J., Meeus, S., Miller, J. A., Milleville, K., Panda, R., Pignal, M., Poelen, J., Ristevski, B., Robertson, T., Rufino, A. C., Santos, J., Schermer, M., Scott, B., Seltmann, K. C., Teixeira, H., Trekels, M., & Gaikwad, J. (2023). Envisaging a global infrastructure to exploit the potential of digitised collections. Biodiversity Data Journal, 11, Article e109439. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e109439
43. Ellwood, E. R., Pauly, G. B., Ahn, J., Golembiewski, K., Higgins, L. M., Ordeñana, M. A., & von Konrat, M. (2023). Citizen science needs a name change. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 38(6), 485–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2023.03.003
42. Stemkovski, M., Bell, J. R., Ellwood, E. R., Inouye, B. D., Kobori, H., Lee, S. D., Lloyd-Evans, T., Primack, R. B., Templ, B., & Pearse, W. D. (2023). Disorder or a new order: How climate change affects phenological variability. Ecology, 104(1), Article e3846. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3846
41. Miller-Rushing, A. J., Ellwood, E. R., Crimmins, T. M., Gallinat, A. S., Phillips, M., Sandler, R. L., & Primack, R. B. (2022). Conservation ethics in the time of the pandemic: Does increasing remote access advance social justice? Biological Conservation, 276, Article 109788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109788
40. Mychajliw, A. M., Ellwood, E. R., Alagona, P. S., Anderson, R. S., Balisi, M. A., Biber, E., Brown, J. L., George, J., Hendy, A. J. W., Higgins, L. M., Hofman, C. A., Leger, A., Ordeñana, M. A., Pauly, G. B., Putman, B. J., Randall, J. M., Riley, S. P. D., Shultz, A. J., Stegner, M. A., . . . Lindsey, E. L. (2022). Lessons for conservation from beneath the pavement. Conservation Biology, 36(6), Article e13983. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13983
39. Hardisty, A. R., Ellwood, E. R., Nelson, G., Zimkus, B., Buschbom, J., Addink, W., Rabeler, R. K., Bates, J., Bentley, A., Fortes, J. A., Hansen, S., Macklin, J. A., Mast, A. R., Miller, J. T., Monfils, A. K., Paul, D. L., Wallis, E., & Webster, M. (2022). Digital extended specimens: Enabling an extensible network of biodiversity data records as integrated digital objects on the internet. BioScience, 72(10), 978–987. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biac060
38. Gallinat, A. S., Ellwood, E. R., Heberling, J. M., Miller-Rushing, A. J., Pearse, W. D., & Primack, R. B. (2021). Macrophenology: Insights into the broad-scale patterns, drivers, and consequences of phenology. American Journal of Botany, 108(11), 2112–2126. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1793
37. Primack, R. B., Ellwood, E. R., Gallinat, A. S., & Miller-Rushing, A. J. (2021). The growing and vital role of botanical gardens in climate change research. New Phytologist, 231(3), 917–932. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17410
36. Mazzello, C. M., Ellwood, E. R., Farrell, A. B., Fox, N. S., Potze, S., Clarke, C. A., Takeuchi, G. T., Porter, M., & Lindsey, E. (2022). Sorting a sticky situation: Engaging students in sorting and identifying microfossils from La Brea Tar Pits. Geological Curator, 11(8), 500–507.
35. Linton, D. L., Ellwood, E. R., White, L. D., Douglas, N. F., & Monfils, A. K. (2022). Experiments in data mining: Using digitized natural history collections to introduce biology students to data science. In N. J. Pelaez, S. M. Gardner, & T. R. Anderson (Eds.), Trends in teaching experimentation in the life sciences (pp. 123–141). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98592-9_7
34. Ellwood, E. R., Gallinat, A. S., McDonough MacKenzie, C., Miller, T., Miller-Rushing, A. J., Polgar, C., & Primack, R. B. (2022). Plant and bird phenology and plant occurrence from 1851 to 2020 (non-continuous) in Thoreau's Concord, Massachusetts. Ecology, 103(5), Article e3646. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3646
33. Primack, R. B., Ellwood, E. R., Gallinat, A. S., & Miller-Rushing, A. J. (2021). The growing and vital role of botanical gardens in climate change research. New Phytologist, 231(3), 917–932. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17410
32. Miller-Rushing, A. J., Athearn, N., Blackford, T., Brigham, C., Cohen, L., Cole-Will, R., Edgar, T., Ellwood, E. R., Fisichelli, N., Pritz, C. F., Gallinat, A. S., Gibson, A., Hubbard, A., McLane, S., Nydick, K., Primack, R. B., Sachs, S., & Super, P. E. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic impacts on conservation research, management, and public engagement in US national parks. Biological Conservation, 257, Article 109038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109038
31. Pearson, K. D., Nelson, G., Aronson, M. F. J., Bonnet, P., Brenskelle, L., Davis, C. C., Denny, E. G., Ellwood, E. R., Goëau, H., Heberling, J. M., Joly, A., Lorieul, T., Mazer, S. J., Meineke, E. K., Stucky, B. J., Sweeney, P., White, A. E., & Soltis, P. S. (2020). Machine learning using digitized herbarium specimens to advance phenological research. BioScience, 70(7), 610–620. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biaa044
30. Ellwood, E. R., Sessa, J. A., Abraham, J. K., Budden, A. E., Douglas, N., Guralnick, R., Krimmel, E., Langen, T., Linton, D., Phillips, M., Soltis, P. S., Studer, M., White, L. D., Williams, J., & Monfils, A. K. (2020). Biodiversity science and the twenty-first century workforce. BioScience, 70(2), 119–121. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biz147
29. Lendemer, J., Thiers, B., Monfils, A. K., Zaspel, J., Ellwood, E. R., Bentley, A., LeVan, K., Bates, J., Jennings, D., Contreras, D., Lagomarsino, L., Mabee, P., Ford, L. S., Guralnick, R., Gropp, R. E., Revelez, M., Cobb, N., Seltmann, K., & Aime, M. C. (2020). The extended specimen network: A strategy to enhance US biodiversity collections, promote research and education. BioScience, 70(1), 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biz140
28. Ellwood, E. R., Soltis, P. S., & Klein, M. L. (2019). Conservation focus: New insights for conservation from expansion of physical-collection digital data. Conservation Biology, 33(3), 498–499. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13287
27. Ellwood, E. R., Pearson, K. D., & Nelson, G. (2019). Emerging frontiers in phenological research. Applications in Plant Sciences, 7(3), Article e1234. https://doi.org/10.1002/aps3.1234
26. Ellwood, E. R., Primack, R. B., Willis, C. G., & HilleRisLambers, J. (2019). Phenology models using herbarium specimens are only slightly improved by using finer-scale stages of reproduction. Applications in Plant Sciences, 7(3), Article e1225. https://doi.org/10.1002/aps3.1225
25. Lorieul, T., Pearson, K. D., Ellwood, E. R., Goëau, H., Molino, J.-F., Sweeney, P. W., Yost, J. M., Sachs, J., Mata-Montero, E., Nelson, G., Soltis, P. S., Bonnet, P., & Joly, A. (2019). Toward a large-scale and deep phenological stage annotation of herbarium specimens: Case studies from temperate, tropical, and equatorial floras. Applications in Plant Sciences, 7(3), Article e1233. https://doi.org/10.1002/aps3.1233
24. Mast, A. R., & Ellwood, E. R. (2018). Scaling up public engagement in botanical research. American Journal of Botany, 105(4), 628–630. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1075
23. Yost, J. M., Sweeney, P. W., Gilbert, E., Nelson, G., Guralnick, R., Gallinat, A. S., Ellwood, E. R., Rossington, N., Willis, C. G., Blum, S. D., Walls, R. L., Haston, E. M., Denslow, M. W., Zohner, C. M., Morris, A. B., Stucky, B. J., Carter, J. R., Baxter, D. G., Bolmgren, K., Denny, E. G., Dean, E., Pearson, K. D., Davis, C. C., Mishler, B. D., Soltis, P. S., & Mazer, S. J. (2018). Digitization protocol for scoring reproductive phenology from herbarium specimens of seed plants. Applications in Plant Sciences, 6(2), Article e1022. https://doi.org/10.1002/aps3.1022
22. Jabłoński, P. G., Lee, S., & Ellwood, E. R. (2018). Vigilance responding to number of conspecifics among mixed groups of cranes in demilitarized zone. Animal Cells and Systems, 22(2), 118–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/19768354.2018.1453544
21. Ellwood, E. R., Kimberly, P., Guralnick, R., Flemons, P., Love, K., Ellis, S., Allen, J. M., Best, J. H., Carter, R., Chagnoux, S., Costello, R., Denslow, M. W., Dunckel, B. A., Ferriter, M. M., Gilbert, E. E., Goforth, C., Groom, Q., Krimmel, E. R., LaFrance, R., Martinec, J. L., Miller, A. N., Minnaert-Grote, J., Nash, T., Oboyski, P., Paul, D. L., Pearson, K. D., Pentcheff, N. D., Roberts, M. A., Seltzer, C. E., Soltis, P. S., Stephens, R., Sweeney, P. W., von Konrat, M., Wall, A., Wetzer, R., Zimmerman, C., & Mast, A. R. (2018). Worldwide Engagement for Digitizing Biocollections (WeDigBio): The biocollections community's citizen-science space on the calendar. BioScience, 68(2), 112–124. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix143
20, Kobori, H., Ellwood, E. R., Miller-Rushing, A. J., & Sakurai, R. (2019). Citizen science. In B. Fath (Ed.), Encyclopedia of ecology (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 529–535). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10571-8
19. Ellwood, E. R. (2017). Determine the timing [Review of the article "A statistical estimator for determining the limits of contemporary and historic phenology," by W. D. Pearse, C. C. Davis, D. W. Inouye, R. B. Primack, & T. J. Davies]. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1, 1794.
18. Willis, C. G., Ellwood, E. R., Primack, R. B., Davis, C. C., Pearson, K. D., Gallinat, A. S., Yost, J. M., Nelson, G., Mazer, S. J., Rossington, N. L., Sparks, T. H., & Soltis, P. S. (2017). Old plants, new tricks: Phenological research using herbarium specimens. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 32(7), 531–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2017.03.015
17. Lacey, E. A., Hammond, T. T., Walsh, R. E., Bell, K. C., Edwards, S. V., Ellwood, E. R., Guralnick, R., Ickert-Bond, S. M., Mast, A. R., McCormack, J. E., Monfils, A. K., Soltis, P. S., Soltis, D. E., & Cook, J. A. (2017). Climate change, collections and the classroom: Using big data to tackle big problems. Evolution: Education and Outreach, 10, Article 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12052-017-0065-3
16. Stegman, L. S., Primack, R. B., Gallinat, A. S., Lloyd-Evans, T. L., & Ellwood, E. R. (2017). Reduced sampling frequency can still detect changes in abundance and phenology of migratory landbirds. Biological Conservation, 210, 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.04.004
15. Ellwood, E. R., Bart, H. L., Jr., Doosey, M. H., Jue, D. K., Mann, J. G., Nelson, G., Rios, N., & Mast, A. R. (2016). Mapping life—Quality assessment of novice and computer automated vs. expert georeferences. Citizen Science: Theory and Practice, 1(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.5334/cstp.30
14. Ellwood, E. R., Dunckel, B. A., Flemons, P., Guralnick, R., Nelson, G., Newman, G., Newman, S., Paul, D., Riccardi, G., Rios, N., Seltmann, K. C., & Mast, A. R. (2015). Accelerating digitization of biodiversity research specimens through online public participation. BioScience, 65(4), 383–396. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biv005
13. Nelson, G., Sweeney, P., Wallace, L. E., Rabeler, R. K., Allard, D., Brown, H., Carter, J. R., Denslow, M. W., Ellwood, E. R., Germain-Aubrey, C. C., Gilbert, E., Gillespie, E., Goertzen, L. R., Legler, B., Marchant, D. B., Marsico, T. D., Morris, A. B., Murrell, Z., Nazaire, M., Neefus, C., Oberreiter, S., Paul, D., Ruhfel, B. R., Sasek, T., Shaw, J., Soltis, P. S., Watson, K., Weeks, A., & Mast, A. R. (2015). Digitization workflows for flat sheets and packets of plants, algae, and fungi. Applications in Plant Sciences, 3(9), Article 1500065. https://doi.org/10.3732/apps.1500065
12. Ellwood, E. R., Lloyd-Evans, T., Gallinat, A., & Primack, R. B. (2015). Autumn migration of North American landbirds. In E. M. Wood & J. L. Kellermann (Eds.), Phenological synchrony and bird migration: Changing climate and seasonal resources in North America (Studies in Avian Biology No. 47, pp. 193–205). CRC Press.
11. Everill, P. H., Primack, R. B., Ellwood, E. R., & Melaas, E. K. (2014). Determining past leaf-out times of New England's deciduous forests from herbarium specimens. American Journal of Botany, 101(8), 1293–1300. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1400045
10. Panchen, Z. A., Primack, R. B., Nordt, B., Ellwood, E. R., Stevens, A.-D., Renner, S. S., Willis, C. G., Fahey, R., Whittemore, A., Du, Y., & Davis, C. C. (2014). Leaf out times of temperate woody plants are related to phylogeny, deciduousness, growth habit and wood anatomy. New Phytologist, 203(4), 1208–1219. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12892
9. Ellwood, E. R., Playfair, S. R., Polgar, C. A., & Primack, R. B. (2014). Cranberry flowering times and climate change in southern Massachusetts. International Journal of Biometeorology, 58(7), 1693–1697. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-013-0719-y
8. Ellwood, E. R., Temple, S. A., Primack, R. B., Bradley, N. L., & Davis, C. C. (2013). Record-breaking early flowering in the eastern United States. PLOS ONE, 8(1), Article e53788. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053788
7. Ellwood, E. R., Diez, J. M., Ibáñez, I., Primack, R. B., Kobori, H., Higuchi, H., & Silander, J. A. (2012). Disentangling the paradox of insect phenology: Are temporal trends reflecting the response to warming? Oecologia, 168(4), 1161–1171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-011-2160-4
6. Primack, R. B., & Ellwood, E. R. (2011). Biodiversity conservation. In W. H. McDowell (Ed.), Ecosystem management and sustainability (Berkshire Encyclopedia of Sustainability, Vol. 5). Berkshire Publishing Group. https://www.berkshirepublishing.com/ecosystem-management-and-sustainability/
5. Lee, S.-D., Ellwood, E. R., Park, S. Y., & Primack, R. B. (2011). Late-arriving barn swallows linked to population declines. Biological Conservation, 144(8), 2182–2187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.05.010
4. Ellwood, E. R., Primack, R. B., & Talmadge, M. (2010). Effects of climate change on spring bird arrival times in Thoreau's Concord spanning 1851 to 2007. The Condor, 112(4), 754–762. https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2010.100006
3. Ibáñez, I., Primack, R. B., Miller-Rushing, A. J., Ellwood, E. R., Higuchi, H., Lee, S.-D., Kobori, H., & Silander, J. A., Jr. (2010). Forecasting phenology under global warming. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365(1555), 3247–3260. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0120
2. Primack, R. B., & Ellwood, E. R. (2010). Evolution and biodiversity conservation. In Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia (2nd ed.). Gale, Cengage Learning. https://www.gale.com/intl/c/grzimeks-animal-life-encyclopedia
1. Primack, R. B., Ellwood, E., Miller-Rushing, A. J., Marrs, R., & Mulligan, A. (2009). Do gender, nationality, or academic age affect review decisions? An analysis of submissions to the journal Biological Conservation. Biological Conservation, 142, 2415–2418. https:// doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.06.021